It's a little difficult to carry all your clubs in your hands, so there have been golf bags since the early days of golf. In general, bags can be separated into two groups: the "staff" or "cart" bags (too large for most of us to want to carry) and the "carry" and "stand" style bags. "Stand" bags have built-in stands that keep them in an upright position when you sit them on the ground.
"Travel" bags are something different. They're either bags that cover golf bags so that they can be safely shipped or they're specially designed golf bags that can be thoroughly sealed and can withstand the rigors of shipment.